Geographic Location, Land Area and Political Subdivisions

 

Antipolo is located in the northern half of Rizal Province but rather close to its meridional center. It lies approximately between latitudes 14 32' and 1445' north and longitudes 121 6' and 121 24' east. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Rodriguez, on the northwest by the Marikina and San Mateo, on the southwest by the towns of Taytay and Cainta, on the southeast by the towns of Tanay, Teresa, and Baras, and on the east by Quezon Province.

 

The poblacion is approximately 29 kilometers from Manila. The city can be accessed from Marikina city via the Sumulong Highway; extends to the Poblacion from Cubao, Quezon City via the Marcos Highway; extends eastward to Quezon Province through the Marikina-Infanta Road; and from Cainta/Taytay via Ortigas Extension.

 

In terms of size, Antipolo city is the second largest in Rizal Province next only to Rodriguez (formerly Montalban). Its total land area of 38,504.44 hectares represents 29.9% of the entire land area of the Rizal Province. Currently, it is subdivided into 16 barangays namely: San Roque, San Jose, San Isidro, De la Paz, Cupang, Mayamot, Mambugan, Calawis, Dalig, Beverly Hills, Sta. Cruz, San Luis, Inarawan, San Juan, Bagong Nayon, and Munting Dilaw. The barangays with significant sizes are San Jose with 13,787 hectares, Calawis with 5,581 hectares, San Juan with 2,327 hectares, and Cupang with 1,568 hectares.

Table 1. Land Area per Barangay

*Note: Numbers 17-22 are areas currently outside of the political
jurisdiction of Antipolo but historically belonging to Antipolo

Slope and Elevation

 

The 0 to 18% gradients comprise 23,801 hectares or 68.8% of the city's total land area. They are good for agriculture and urban use and abound in the western half of the town along the length of the Boso-Boso River and the Pintong Bocaue area (Brgy. San Juan) in the middle of the city. The 18 to 50% slopes totaling 14,416 or 37.4% are scattered all over the landscape and would be good for silviculture or orchards. The above 50% gradients occupy only 288 hectares and occurring as patches in the southern and northern portions near to the mid-section of the town.

 

Slope Categories

 

 

Table 3 shows that a total of 36,176 has. or 94.0% of Antipolo is 500 meters and below in altitude. These elevations are concentrated in the western and southern sections of the city. Elevations like these are good for raising warm lowland crops and for urban development. The cool elevations that are more than 500 meters above sea level total to 2,328 has. or 38.2% of the study area. These are found in the northern and eastern edges. The moderately sloping portions of these elevations may be devoted to temperate vegetables and crops and perhaps in the establishment of tourist resort facilities. However, the 18% to 25% slopes should be limited to production forest while the above 50% slope gradients should be set aside as protection forest.

 

Table 3. Elevation Cat

egories in Antipolo

 

 

Geology

 

In terms of geologic structure, Antipolo is predominantly a folded area. Its hilly and rugged terrain is a product of diastrophic folding processes that occurred around 6,000 years ago. During this period of orogenic processes, the frontal collision between the Asiatic and Pacific plates crumpled their edges, resulting in vulcanism and the formation of meridional mountain systems marked by synclines and anticlines. This is evident in the mountains of the Philippines such as Sierra Madre Mountains on whose foothills lie in the City of Antipolo.

The bottom most rock formation unit in Antipolo is the Kinabuan Formation. The rock formation is composed mainly of altered spillitic basalt flows with intercalated and highly indurated sandstone, shale and chertz beds. This formation occurs extensively in the Sierra Madre Mountains to the east and as a north-south on the western border of the city.

 

Following the above rock formation unit in Antipolo is the Maybangin Formation. The formation consists mainly of metaclastics and minor basic volcanic. Randomly scattered are angular cobbles and boulder-size aphanitic, dark greenish gray to charcoal gray fleat. There is also a basalt flow about 10 meters thick that exhibits crudely arranged pillows and intergranular texture. It is composed of plagioclase occurring as slender laths and augite interfingerling with plagioclase laths. This formation lies towards the east near the Boso-Boso area.

 

In between the Guadalupe and the Medium Formations east of the Poblacion is a small north-south strip of Antipolo Diorite Formation. Diorite is an intrusive rock which is sometimes the parent rock of gold, silver, and copper. The diorite varies from light to dark green and medium-to-coarse grained. Contained in this formation are feldspar, biolite, quartz, and magnetite. Basaltic and andesitic dikes are also observed in the formation.

 

The rock formation next to Antipolo Diorite Formation in age is the Angat Formation. Consisting mainly of well bedded to massive limestone, the formation is associated with thin siliceous layers and limy sandstone partings. The lower clastic fancies are composed of thin strata of calcareous shale, clayey limestone and conglomerate. This formation occurs as a small longitunal strip southeast of the Poblacion and small pocket in the north adjacent to Rodriguez.

 

Often associated with the Angat Formation is the Madlum Formation. This formation includes the upper member (Buenacop Limestone) and a lower member (Alagao Volcanic). The Buenacop Limestone is somewhat fossiliferous cream to buff, massive and thin to medium bedded in the lower part. The Alagao member is a sequence of agglomerate, tuff, argillite, indurated graywacked, basalt and andesite flows. Its clastic component is a thick sequence of thin to thick-bedded calcareous sandstone and silty shale with conglomerate at the base. This formation is not very extensive, occurring towards the northeast close to the Poblacion and in the north adjacent to Rodriguez.

 

A more recent rock formation is the Guadalupe. This formation overlies the Kinabuan Formation and consists of thick strata of massive conglomerate, silty mudstone and tuffaceous sandstone. This formation occurs in the area of the Poblacion as well as to a great extent in the southeastern portion of the City towards Tanay and the northern middle portion close to Rodriguez.

 

The most recent deposit in the city are those identified as Quaternary Alluvium which is composed mainly of sand, silt and unconsolidated or poorly consolidated and imported pebbles, cobbles and small boulders of the underlying rock type. These are found in the mid-southern section of the city on the alluvial basin of Morong River and northeast of the Poblacion along the Boso-Boso River.

 

Table 4. Geologic Formations in Antipolo

 

 

 

1.4.1 Marikina Fault System

 

The geology and topography of Antipolo have made it prone to diastrophic and exogenous processes that present some constraints to its development. Diastrophically, its western side is traversed by the East Marikina Fault Line. An exogenous process that pervasively occurs over the city is soil erosion, which is caused by its sloping landscape.

 

A significant geologic physical constraint in Antipolo is the Marikina Fault System (MFS). The MFS consists of two main northeast-trending faults the West Marikina Fault (WMF) and the East Marikina Fault (EMF) that bound the Marikina Valley and the adjoining settlements of Rodriguez, San Mateo, Antipolo, as well as parts of Eastern Metro Manila.

 

The EMF has been mapped as far north in San Rafael, Rodriguez and down south, just north of Mary Hills Subdivision and Modesta village for a distance of 8.3 km. The northern terminus of the EMF has not been fully mapped, while its southern extent is poorly defined, since a large part of the area has been substantially changed by present day land development. Among the areas traversed by the EMF are Brgy. San Rafael, north of Wawa River in Rodriguez, eastern San Rafael, Gloria Vista Subdivision, eastern San Mateo and Brgy. Cupang in northwestern Antipolo. The WMF is more problematic as it traverses more subdivisions and dense built-up areas. It has been mapped for a distance of at least 23 km. from lower Macabud, Rodriguez in the north to the vicinity of the ULTRA Sports Complex in Pasig, Metro Manila.

 

Despite the dearth of historical records on the activity of the MFS, field evidence deduced from offset streams, ridges, alluvial plains, well-developed scarps, and the other geographically, young, fault-related features suggest a combination of right-lateral as well as vertical movement in the geology. Repeated movements along the MFS have greatly influenced the present morphology of the area wherein the Marikina Valley was downthrown relative to the Diliman-Pasig and Rodriguez-San Mateo-Antipolo area on the west and east, respectively.

 

It should be noted that northwestern Antipolo may be exposed to fault-related hazards that may be generated from movements along the EMF like ground vibrations, ground rupturing, and liquefaction. Intense ground shaking or vibration, especially near the earthquake source, accounts for 80% of the destruction brought by fault-generated movements, accompanied by either horizontal or vertical movements or a combination of both. In liquefaction, water soaked sediments, river deposits, and similar settings are subjected to strong ground shaking. The shaking cause sediments to acquire a more stable state, resulting in hydrostatic pressure that in turn makes solid particles behave like liquid and affect areas of least stress (normally the ground surface). The transfer of subsidence causes man-made structures to sink, fall, or break due to weakened foundations. Of these three hazards, ground vibration and ground rupturing would present physical constraints to urban land use developments in northwestern Antipolo.

 

A high-angle fault, the Lenatin Fault, has been observed at the eastern border of the town. This fault runs for about 36 kilometers along the Lenatin River, up to Barenas Creek in the north. Being away from the populated areas, this fault does not present an immediate danger to the city if it exhibits significant movement.

 

Soil

 

Based on the morphological approach of soil classification or what is called the 7th Approximation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the soils of Antipolo may be classified into the following soil series/taxonomic names.

 

Table 5. Soil Mapping Units in Antipolo

 

 

Marikina Clay. The Marikina Clay series occurs in two mapping units, the non-flodded and the slightly flooded soil phases. This soil series is found on level to nearly level minor alluvial plains, i.e., on slopes ranging from 0 to 2 % and can be seen in Brgy. Mayamot, Munting Dilao, and Mambugan. Somewhat poorly drained and clayey in texture, this alluvium-derived soil has “A horizons” which are not more than 30 cm. thick and has colors varying from gray, light gray, greenish gray with strong brown, yellowish red, and brown to dark brown mottles. Few soft iron-manganese concretion and highly weathered tuffaceous fragments occur increasingly with depth. This soil is suited to paddy rice but is increasingly converted to urban use. With good management practices, a good harvest can be derived from it. This soil series covers 803 hectares or 2.1% of the city area.

 

San Manuel Clay Loam. The San Manuel Clay Loam occurs only in one soil mapping unit in Antipolo. The soil phase occurring in the town is characterized as non-flodded, with slopes ranging from 0 to 2%. It can be found in Brgy. San Jose. This series is derived from alluvium parent material and usually has a fine loamy texture. It is deep and well-drained, occurring mostly on gently-sloping river terraces or levees of minor alluvial plains. Its color ranges from brown to dark brown and dark yellowish brown. This unit is devoted to diversified crops, vegetables and urban uses. This soil series covers only 13 hectares of the city area.

 

Binangonan Clay. The Binangonan Clay series occurs in two phases in Antipolo the 0 to 2% and the 2 to 5% slopes. They can be seen in Brgy. San Jose in the southern portion of the city. This soil series is a member of very fine, montmorillonitic clay soils found on the level to gently sloping narrow mini-plains of the alluvial landscape. Poorly drained in character, it is developed from alluvium of volcanic and limestone origin. The A horizon is not more than 40 cm. thick and is gray or dark gray in color. In the lower horizons, concretions of iron, manganese, and calcium carbonate occur. With good management practices and sufficient supply of water, a good harvest of palay may be realized from this soil. This soil series covers 535 hectares and represents 1.4% of the city’s area.

 

Philcomsat Clay. The Philcomsat Clay series occurs only in one phase in the city and is marked by a 2 to 5 % slope. It can be found in Brgy. San Jose in the Boso-boso area. This series has been derived from alluvium and is very fine to fine texture. Somewhat poorly drained and moderately deep, it is found on nearly level to slightly sloping narrow mini-plains of alluvial landscape. It exhibits a variety of colors, i.e., from light yellowish brown to brown, dark brown, and grayish brown. The A horizon has either a clay or silty clay texture and a depth of not more than 33 cm. This soil type is used for rainfed paddy rice and pasture land and occupies 1,336 hectares or 3.5% of the city area.

Teresa Clay. The Teresa Clay series is represented by two phases in the city, i.e., the 0 to 2% and the 2 to 5% slopes. They occur in Brgy. San Jose in the mid-southern edge of the city. This soil series is a member of very fine montmorillotic clay that is moderately deep to deep and poorly drained soils found on nearly level to gently sloping narrow mini-plains of the alluvial landscape. This series has been developed mainly from the alluvium derived from weathered tuffacceous materials and perhaps from deposited bio-chemically weathered products of limestone, basalt, andesite and conglomerate from the adjacent hills and mountains fringing the area. The A horizon is gray, dark gray to very dark gray and not more than 40 cm. thick. This soil is normally used for irrigated paddy rice and as built-up areas. It covers 23 hectares or 0.1% of the city size.

 

Inceptisol-Riverwash Association. This soil association occurs in two phases, the 0 to 2% and the 2 to 5% slopes. It can be found in the Sta. Ines area. This soil is deep, well-drained and derived from colluvial deposits lying on level to gently sloping intermountain terraces. Associated with this soil are the miscellaneous land-type riverwash consisting of sand, gravel, and sometimes stone. The A horizon may be of loam, clay loam, or silty loam texture with depth of not more than 50cm. The color may vary from yellowish brown to strong brown and dark brown. The Inceptisol portion has usually supported diversified crops but the riverwash has no agricultural value. It occupies 780 hectares or 2.0% of the city area.

 

San Luis Clay. The San Luis Clay series has two phases in Antipolo, namely, the 0 to 2% and 2 to 5% slopes. This soil series can be seen in Brgy. San Isidro, San Luis, San Jose, and San Roque. It is usually deep, well-drained and occurs in undulating plateaus derived mainly from the weathered product of basalt and andesite. The A horizon is not more than 20 cm. thick and is reddish brown to very dark grayish brown in color with dark brown to dark reddish mottles. Iron and manganese concretions are usually present in the lower horizons. This soil series is vegetated with grass and patched of fruit trees. It covers 1,303 hectares or 3.4% of the city.

 

Tulay Clay. The Tulay Clay soil series comes in five phases in the city the 2 to 5%, 5 to 8%, 8 to 5%, 15 to 25%, and the 25 to 45% slopes. It can be seen in the southern edges of Brgy. San Jose. This soil of basaltic origin is deep, well-drained, and occurs in undulating to rolling volcanic hills and ridges with localized valleys of the volcanic footslopes. Portions of this soil suffer from slight to moderate erosion. The A horizon is usually not more than 30 cm. thick and is brown to dark brown, yellowish to brown, reddish brown, or dark reddish brown. The cover of this soil has been a mixture of grass, shrubs, vegetables, root crops, and patches of fruit trees. It occupies 274 hectares or 0.7% of the size of the city.

 

Baras Clay. The Baras Clay series is represented only by one phase in Antipolo, the 25-45% slope. It occurs in Brgy. San Jose. This soil of basaltic origin is shallow and well-drained and occurs on undulating to rolling hills and ridges with localized valleys of the volcanic footslopes. The A horizon which ranges from 10-20 cm. deep is brown to dark brown or yellowish brown clay, clay loam, or silty clay with few to common gravel-size frock fragments. This soil mapping unit has been covered with shrubs and grass. It covers 142 hectares or 0.4% of the total city area.

 

Antipolo Clay. The Antipolo Clay series has three phases in the area the 5 to 8%, 8 to 15% and the 25 to 45% slopes. These phases can be seen extensively in the western barangays of the city. This soil series is moderately deep to deep, well-drained, and occurs in undulating to rolling volcanic hills and ridges with localized valleys. It is derived from basalt parent material. The A horizon is brown to dark brown, dark brown, reddish brown or yellowish brown clay, clay loam or silty clay loam. Partially and highly weathered rock fragments are present and increases in abundance with depth. Iron and manganese concretions may occur. The 8 to 15% slopes have been utilized for non-irrigated paddy or just pasture grassland. The other two phases of higher slopes have been supporting patches of fruit trees, scrubland, and grassland vegetation. This series covers 6,611 hectares and constitutes 17.2% of the whole city area.

 

Pinugay Clay. The Pinugay Clay soil series is represented by four phases in the study area - 15 to 25%, 25 to 45% (slightly eroded), 25 to 45% (moderately eroded), and 45 to 65% slopes. These phases occur in Brgy. Calawis and San Jose. This soil series of shale origin is moderately deep to deep, well-drained soils occurring on upper rounded volcanic hills and ridges with slopes ranging from 15 to 65%. The A horizon is 10 to 25 cm. thick and is brown to dark brown, dark reddish brown, reddish brown clay loam, or silty clay loam. The 15 to 20% slopes has been covered with cogon, grass, and shrubs. The higher slopes have supported second growth forest and cogonal grassland. This soil series covers 3,672 hectares or 9.5% of the city size.

 

Lumbangan Clay. The Lumbangan Clay series occurs as one phase in the city, i.e., the 25 to 45% slope. It can be seen in Brgy. San Juan, Calawis, and San Jose. This is a moderately deep to deep, well-drained soil occurring on very steep, highly dissected volcanic hills marked by angular crests and basaltic bedrock. It has a dark red, dark yellowish brown, dark grayish brown clay horizon not more than 20 cm. thick. Due to steep topography, it is slightly or moderately affected by erosion. Mostly, this soil mapping unit has been covered with cogon, other grass, and shrubs. This soil series occupies 2,383 hectares and constitutes 6.2% of the total land area.

 

Inarawan Clay. The Inarawan Clay soil series is represented by the 25 to 45% slope category in Antipolo. It is present in Brgy. Inarawan, San Juan, and San Jose. This soil is deep, of basaltic origin, well-drained and occurs on slightly to moderately dissected upper plateaus of a volcanic hill landscape. It has a strong brown, dark brown, dark reddish brown clay with an A horizon of not more than 17 cm. thick. Except for some areas planted with patches of fruit trees, this mapping unit has been mainly covered with cogon, other grasses, and shrubs. It covers 3,348 hectares or 8.7% of the municipal area.

 

Dystropept- Tropudalf- Tropudult Association. This extensive soil association occurs as one phase in the study area, i.e., the 45 to 65% slope. This kind of soil is observed in Brgy. Calawis and San Jose. The soil in this association is moderately deep to deep, well-drained, and derived from volcanic tuff or adobe. They occur on the rolling steep and moderately dissected volcanic mountains marked by rounded crest. Aside from lying on steep slopes, these soils are found on elevations of more than 400 meters above sea level. This extensively distributed mountain soil covers 7,454 hectares and constitute 19.4% of the whole city area.

 

Dystropept-Troporthent Association. This soil association occurs as one phase in the city - the >45% slope. It is extensively distributed in Brgys. San Jose and Calawis. The soils in this association are shallow to deep, well-drained, and occur in very steep, highly dissected mountain ridges with sharp crests. They are of basaltic origin and lie above 400 meters above mean sea level. This extensive soil mapping unit has been vegetated with shrubs, bushes, and secondary forest. It covers 3,340 hectares and makes up 8.7% of the city area.

 

Tropudalf-Eutropept Association. This soil association occurs as one phase in the city the 45 to 65% slope category. Like other associations, it can be found extensively occurring in Brgy. San Jose. The soils in this association are shallow to deep, well-drained, and derived from weathered volcanic mountain ridges marked by limestone cappings. They lie on elevations of more than 400 meters above sea level. The lower sideslopes of this association are covered with papaya, banana, patches of fruit trees, and root crops, as well as secondary forest, cogon, and grasses. This type of soil occupies 1,248 hectares and represents 3.2% of the total city area.

 

Escarpment. This miscellaneous soil type is seen in the part of the city surrounding the undulating basaltic plateau in the Sta. Ines area and around the Antipolo plateau. The soil is shallow to moderately deep with scattered stones and boulders. They have been mostly covered with grasses, shrubs, and patches of trees. This portion covers 4,707 hectares or 12.2% of the total city area.

 

Limestone Rockland. This miscellaneous land type consists of isolated limestone hills in the western portion of Brgy. San Jose. The soil is shallow and occurs only as small patches between boulders. They are further characterized by exposed limestone bedrock, limestone boulders, stones, and cobbles. They cover 532 hectares or 1.4% of the total study area.

 

Climate

 

Based on the PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Service Administration) or Corona's climate classification system, Antipolo has a Type I Climate, which is marked by two distinct seasons the wet season from May to December and the dry season from January to April. The main climatic control operating in the climate of the area is actually the monsoon wind system. The warm southwest monsoon wind brings rain to the city after gathering moisture from the Indian Ocean, while the cool northeast monsoon moves as a dry wind and comes even drier after crossing the Sierra Madre orographic barrier. In terms of more specific rainfall and temperature characteristics, these are described below based on the ten-year (1971-1980) readings at the PAGASA-maintained climatic station in Brgy. Cuyambay, Tanay, Rizal. This is the climatic station that is closest to Antipolo and can therefore safety represent the area’s climatic conditions.

 

Rainfall

 

The rainfall regime in the area is influenced by the monsoon that causes a seasonal variation in precipitation. Ten Year Monthly Rainfall Totals indicate that the rainy months are from May to December while the dry months are from January to April. During the eight wet months, the southwest monsoon is prevalent. This season, which allows a relatively long cropping period, is accompanied by local thunderstorms and cyclonic storms (typhoons). Furthermore, during this time of the year, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is near the area and this climatic control, along with those of the southwest monsoon and the typhoons, account for the heavy seasonal rainfall. During the four dry months, the northeast monsoon is prevalent, making the hilly unirrigated portions of the city agricultural inactive. The total annual rainfall of the area is 2,641 mm. This reflects the high relative humidity experienced in the municipality, especially from May to December.

 

Temperature

 

The temperature regime of Antipolo does not exhibit great variability, attesting to the observation that the year-round temperature in the Philippines and in the tropics, for that matter, is uniformly high. The temperature of Antipolo ranges from 3.9 C and 2.5 C. The months with somewhat higher temperatures are from April to October, which coincides with high-sun period in the northern hemisphere. During this period, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun and therefore, receives the sun's intensive vertical rays.

The warmest month is May, with a mean annual temperature of 26.4C while the coolest month is March with a temperature of 20.8C, which is actually lower than the national average of 26.9C. This can be attributed to the area's higher elevation, which makes its temperature lower by about 3C compared to the nearby lower areas of Marikina City, Pasig City, and Quezon City.

 

 Mineral Resources

The diastrophic folding process that produced the Sierra Madre Mountains has brought mineral deposits and made the crustal substructure nearer to the surface, making them easily mineable.

Antipolo has a number of mineral deposits, most of which are nonmetallic. The nonmetallic minerals and their corresponding estimated volume in million metric tons are pure marble 471,050; cement aggregate 86,000; limestone 67,354; basal 29,099; dalcite 7,915; andesite 3,588; and diorite 1,566. A metallic mineral found in the northeastern corner of the city near Sta. Ines is iron ore, of which there are 33.5 million metric tons.

Cement aggregate, marble, and limestone are presently mined in the city. The mining firms that produce construction aggregates are: 1) Island Quarry and Aggregates Corporation and 2) Pantay Aggregates Corporation in Brgy. San Jose; 3) Rapid City Realty and Development Corporation in Brgy. Inarawan; 4) Hardrock Aggregates and Mountain Rock Corporation (Unirock) in Brgy. Cupang and 5) Morocco in Brgy. Bagong Nayon. Solid Integrated Co. Inc. mines lime and silica in Sitio Tagbak, Brgy. San Jose. Angela Lee mines lime extract in Brgy. San Luis. Teresa Marble extracts marbleized limestone for polishing into marble in Sitio Tagbak, Brgy. San Jose.

 

 Water Resources

 

Due to its large size and hilly topography, Antipolo possesses a significant number and variety of water resources like rivers, streams, springs, waterfalls, and groundwater aquifers. In a relatively water-scarce area, these water bodies provide sources of water for domestic and industrial uses as well as for irrigation.

 

Antipolo is drained by several minor rivers that originate from the foothills of the Sierra Madre Mountains in the east. In the northeastern tip of the city may be seen a part of the headwaters of the north-south trending Kaliwa River where the proposed Laiban Dam Project will be constructed to supply water for Metro Manila. The other rivers in the city are east-west trending and starting from the north, namely, the Tagbasan, Boso-Boso, Tulakin, Kamias, Nangka, Pantay, and Ilog rivers. Rising from the eastern uplands, they wind their way through the western half of the city and generally flow into the Laguna Lake. These rivers have their own smaller tributaries.

 

Aside from the above arteries of natural drainage, there are also springs that people utilize either as sources of water or as tourist attractions. These springs are the Mainit Spring in Brgy. Calawis, Kubling Kalikasan in Brgy. Cupang, Puting Bato in Brgy. Sta. Cruz, Bubukal in Brgy. San Jose, Malalim in Brgy. Dela Paz, Inuman in Brgy. Inarawan, Del Bano in Brgy. San Isidro, and Sukol in Brgy. Dalig. Furthermore, there are two waterfalls in the city the Nagpuso Falls and the Taktak Falls in Brgy. Dela Paz, the latter being a historically well-known bathing and picnic destination for local and Metro Manila residents.

 

It has been observed that water pollution is very evident in Antipolo’s rivers, especially in the Ilog Bayan and Pantay River which flow through densely populated areas. A victim of this is the famous Hinulugang Taktak Falls. Most of the common pollutants of both surface water and ground water are sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, sodium, and calcium ions as organic waste all of which come from residential, industrial and commercial establishments.  

 

Source: City Planning and Development Office